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Nominal: $71.777 billion (2015 est.)〔 |gdp rank = 72nd (nominal) 74th (PPP) |per capita = PPP: $3,304〔 (2015 est.) Nominal:$1,587 (2015 est.)〔 |sectors = agriculture (24.2%), industry (14.8%), services (61.0%) (2012 est.) |gdp growth = 5.1% (2012 est.) |inflation = 6.62% (July 2015) |poverty = 45% (2012 est.) |gini = 42.5% (2008 est.) |labour = ~17.89 million (48% population) (2015 est.) |occupations = agriculture 75%, industry and services 25% (2007 est.) |unemployment = 40% (2008 est.) |edbr = 129th |industries = small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminium, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism |exports = $5.942 billion (2012 est.) |export-goods = tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement |export-partners = 10.5% 10.2% 7.3% 7.0% 5.8% 5.2% 4.6% (2013 est.) |imports = $14.39 billion (2012 est.) |import-goods = machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics |import-partners = 21.7% 15.2% 10.0% 6.7% 5.3% 5.3% (2013 est.) |debt = $11,960,000,000 (31 December 2013 est.). |deficit = -4.6% of GDP (2012 est.) |revenue = $7.375 billion (2012 est.) |expenses = $9.3 billion (2012 est.) |credit = Standard & Poor's:〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Standard & Poor's )〕 B+ (Domestic) B+ (Foreign) BB- (T&C Assessment) Outlook: Stable Fitch:〔 B+ Outlook: Stable reserves = 5,541,000,000 (Dec 2013) |aid = |spelling = Oxford |cianame=ke }} Kenya's economy is market-based with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises and maintains a liberalised external trade system. The country is generally perceived as Eastern and central Africa's hub for Financial, Communication and Transportation services. Major industries include: agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining and minerals, industrial manufacturing, energy, tourism and financial services. As of 2015 estimates, Kenya had a GDP of $69.977 making it the 72nd largest economy in the world. Per capita GDP was estimated at $1,587. The government of Kenya is generally investment friendly and has enacted several regulatory reforms to simplify both foreign and local investment, including the creation of an export processing zone. The export processing zone is expected to grow rapidly through input of foreign direct investment. An increasingly significant portion of Kenya's foreign inflows are remittances by non-resident Kenyans who work in the US, Middle East, Europe and Asia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.healyconsultants.com/company-incorporation/kenya-company-formation.html )〕 Compared to its neighbours, Kenya has well-developed social and physical infrastructure. As of March 2014, economic prospects were positive with above 5% GDP growth expected,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kenya )〕 largely because of expansions in telecommunications, transport, construction and a recovery in agriculture. These improvements are supported by a large pool of English-speaking professional workers. There is a high level of computer literacy, especially among the youth. ==Economic history== After its independence, Kenya promoted rapid economic growth through public investment, encouragement of smallholder agricultural production, and incentives for private often foreign industrial investment. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an annual average of 6.6% from 1963 to 1973. Agricultural production grew by 4.7% annually during the same period, stimulated by redistributing estates, diffusing new crop strains, and opening new areas to cultivation. Between 1974 and 1990, however, Kenya's economic performance declined. Kenya's inward-looking policy of import substitution and rising oil prices made Kenya's manufacturing sector uncompetitive. The government began a massive intrusion in the private sector. Lack of export incentives, tight import controls, and foreign exchange controls made the domestic environment for investment even less attractive. From 1991 to 1993, Kenya had its worst economic performance since independence. Growth in GDP stagnated, and agricultural production shrank at an annual rate of 3.9%. Inflation reached a record 100% in August 1993, and the government's budget deficit was over 10% of GDP.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kenya (05/07/12) )〕 As a result of these combined problems, bilateral and multilateral donors suspended program aid to Kenya in 1991. Throughout these first three decades of independence, Kenya's parastatals, partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, largely inhibited economic development. In 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted "a serious threat to the economy"; a decade later, they had still not furthered industrialisation or fostered the development of a Black-Kenyan business class. The backbone of the country's private-sector success was provided by Asian Kenyans; during the colonial period, it was they who had created their country's internal market, and then dominated internal trade. British colonizers instituted segregation based on skin colour: Whites were first-class citizens, Indians (who came to Kenya to work on the East African Railway as labourers, were second-class citizens, and native Kenyans were third-class citizens. As a result, various laws were set in place to limit African Kenyans in their own land, for example, they had to walk around with 'Passes' at all times, and free movement, schooling and entrepreneurial endeavours for Africans in Kenya was strictly enforced by colonial police between the late 1800s and Kenya's Independence in 1963. Post-independence, and particularly after being pushed out of its retail stronghold after its "Africanisation", those who stayed in Kenya transferred their dominance to the more advanced sectors of its commerce and industry, easily out-competing Western multinationals in notable instances. Prominent Asian-Kenyan businesspeople include Manu Chandaria and Madatally Manji. In 1993, the Government of Kenya began a major program of economic reform and liberalisation. A new minister of finance and a new governor of the central bank undertook a series of economic measures with the assistance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As part of this program, the government eliminated price controls and import licensing, removed foreign exchange controls, privatised a range of publicly owned companies, reduced the number of civil servants, and introduced conservative fiscal and monetary policies. From 1994 to 1996, Kenya's real GDP growth rate averaged just over 4% a year. In 1997, however, the economy entered a period of slowing or stagnant growth, due in part to adverse weather conditions and reduced economic activity prior to general elections in December 1997. In July 1997, the Government of Kenya refused to meet commitments made earlier to the IMF on governance reforms. As a result, the IMF suspended lending for three years, and the World Bank also put a $90 million structural adjustment credit on hold. The Government of Kenya took positive steps on reform, including the 1997 establishment of the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority, and measures to improve the transparency of government procurements and reduce the government payroll. In July 2000, the IMF signed a $150 million Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, and the World Bank followed suit shortly after with a $157 million Economic and Public Sector Reform credit. This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Kenya at market prices (estimated ) by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Kenyan Shillings. Small scale businesses are providing a more and more jobs in Kenya. With increased but simplified regulations, they are able to blossom into large, legitimate businesses that can eventually create more jobs and government revenue.〔(KenInvest supports small businesses to become engines of growth in Kenya | dandc.eu )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Kenya」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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